(The use of gender pronouns in this article reflects the clinical facts:
most narcissists are men.)
The manic phase of Bipolar I Disorder is often misdiagnosed as Narcissistic
Personality Disorder (NPD).
Bipolar patients in the manic phase exhibit many of the signs and symptoms
of pathological narcissism - hyperactivity, self-centeredness, lack of
empathy, and control freakery. During this recurring chapter of the disease,
the patient is euphoric, has grandiose fantasies, spins unrealistic schemes,
and has frequent rage attacks (is irritable) if her or his wishes and plans
are (inevitably) frustrated.
The manic phases of the bipolar disorder, however, are limited in time - NPD
is not. Furthermore, the mania is followed by - usually protracted -
depressive episodes. The narcissist is also frequently dysphoric. But
whereas the bipolar sinks into deep self-deprecation, self-devaluation,
unbounded pessimism, all-pervasive guilt and anhedonia - the narcissist,
even when depressed, never forgoes his narcissism: his grandiosity, sense of
entitlement, haughtiness, and lack of empathy.
Narcissistic dysphorias are much shorter and reactive - they constitute a
response to the Grandiosity Gap. In plain words, the narcissist is dejected
when confronted with the abyss between his inflated self-image and grandiose
fantasies - and the drab reality of his life: his failures, lack of
accomplishments, disintegrating interpersonal relationships, and low status.
Yet, one dose of Narcissistic Supply is enough to elevate the narcissists
from the depth of misery to the heights of manic euphoria.
Not so with the bipolar.
The source of her or his mood swings is assumed to be brain biochemistry - not the availability of Narcissistic Supply. Whereas the narcissist is in full control of his faculties, even when maximally agitated, the bipolar often feels that s/he has lost control of his/her brain ("flight of ideas"), his/her speech, his/her attention span (distractibility), and his/her motor functions.
The bipolar is prone to reckless behaviors and substance abuse only during
the manic phase. The narcissist does drugs, drinks, gambles, shops on
credit, indulges in unsafe sex or in other compulsive behaviors both when
elated and when deflated.
As a rule, the bipolar's manic phase interferes with his/her social and
occupational functioning. Many narcissists, in contrast, reach the highest
rungs of their community, church, firm, or voluntary organization. Most of
the time, they function flawlessly - though the inevitable blowups and the
grating extortion of Narcissistic Supply usually put an end to the
narcissist's career and social liaisons.
The manic phase of bipolar sometimes requires hospitalization and - more
frequently than admitted - involves psychotic features. Narcissists are
never hospitalized as the risk for self-harm is minute. Moreover, psychotic
microepisodes in narcissism are decompensatory in nature and appear only
under unendurable stress (e.g., in intensive therapy).
The bipolar's mania provokes discomfort in both strangers and in the
patient's nearest and dearest. His/her constant cheer and compulsive
insistence on interpersonal, sexual, and occupational, or professional
interactions engenders unease and repulsion. Her/his lability of mood -
rapid shifts between uncontrollable rage and unnatural good spirits - is
downright intimidating. The narcissist's gregariousness, by comparison, is
calculated, "cold", controlled, and goal-orientated (the extraction of
Narcissistic Supply). His cycles of mood and affect are far less pronounced
and less rapid.
The bipolar's swollen self-esteem, overstated self-confidence, obvious
grandiosity, and delusional fantasies are akin to the narcissist's and are
the source of the diagnostic confusion. Both types of patients purport to
give advice, carry out an assignment, accomplish a mission, or embark on an
enterprise for which they are uniquely unqualified and lack the talents,
skills, knowledge, or experience required.
But the bipolar's bombast is far more delusional than the narcissist's.
Ideas of reference and magical thinking are common and, in this sense, the
bipolar is closer to the schizotypal than to the narcissistic.
There are other differentiating symptoms:
Sleep disorders - notably acute insomnia - are common in the manic phase of
bipolar and uncommon in narcissism. So is "manic speech" - pressured,
uninterruptible, loud, rapid, dramatic (includes singing and humorous
asides), sometimes incomprehensible, incoherent, chaotic, and lasts for
hours. It reflects the bipolar's inner turmoil and his/her inability to
control his/her racing and kaleidoscopic thoughts.
As opposed to narcissists, bipolar in the manic phase are often distracted
by the slightest stimuli, are unable to focus on relevant data, or to
maintain the thread of conversation. They are "all over the place" -
simultaneously initiating numerous business ventures, joining a myriad
organization, writing umpteen letters, contacting hundreds of friends and
perfect strangers, acting in a domineering, demanding, and intrusive manner,
totally disregarding the needs and emotions of the unfortunate recipients of
their unwanted attentions. They rarely follow up on their projects.
The transformation is so marked that the bipolar is often described by
his/her closest as "not himself/herself". Indeed, some bipolars relocate,
change name and appearance, and lose contact with their "former life".
Antisocial or even criminal behavior is not uncommon and aggression is
marked, directed at both others (assault) and oneself (suicide). Some
biploars describe an acuteness of the senses, akin to experiences recounted
by drug users: smells, sounds, and sights are accentuated and attain an
unearthly quality.
As opposed to narcissists, bipolars regret their misdeeds following the
manic phase and try to atone for their actions. They realize and accept that
"something is wrong with them" and seek help. During the depressive phase
they are ego-dystonic and their defenses are autoplastic (they blame
themselves for their defeats, failures, and mishaps).
Finally, pathological narcissism is already discernible in early
adolescence. The full-fledged bipolar disorder - including a manic phase -
rarely occurs before the age of 20. The narcissist is consistent in his
pathology - not so the bipolar. The onset of the manic episode is fast and
furious and results in a conspicuous metamorphosis of the patient.
Stormberg, D., Roningstam, E., Gunderson, J., & Tohen, M. (1998)
Pathological Narcissism in Bipolar Disorder Patients. Journal of Personality
Disorders, 12, 179-185
Roningstam, E. (1996), Pathological Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality
Disorder in Axis I Disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 3, 326-340
Sam Vaknin http://samvak.tripod.com is the author of Malignant Self Love - Narcissism Revisited and After the Rain - How the West Lost the East.
He served as a columnist for Global Politician, Central Europe Review,
PopMatters, Bellaonline, and eBookWeb, a United Press International (UPI)
Senior Business Correspondent, and the editor of mental health and Central
East Europe categories in The Open Directory and Suite101.
Until recently, he served as the Economic Advisor to the Government of
Macedonia.
